Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench - Purple coneflower, Sampson Root

Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) is a perennial herbaceous plant, a close relative of Rudbeckia spp., and a member of the Aster family (Asteraceae). It primarily grows in the temperate biome and is native to the USA, where it naturally occurs in states such as Texas, Florida, Wisconsin, and others. Over time, the species has been introduced and successfully cultivated in various regions across the world—including Europe, Asia, and North and South America, outside its natural range.

The stems of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench are erect, sparsely branched, with a coarse and rigid texture, reaching heights of 60 to 120 cm. The leaves are lanceolate, serrated, and rough to the touch. Basal leaves are larger and borne on long petioles, while upper leaves are smaller and sessile. The flower heads are large, solitary, and borne terminally on the stems. They feature a distinctive, raised central cone in a dark reddish-brown color. Blooming begins in late June and continues through early September, with peak flowering in July and August.

This species is highly adaptable, tolerating drought, high temperatures, humidity, and poor soils. However, for optimal growth and profuse blooming, it prefers well-drained soils with periodic moisture and full sun exposure. It is fully winter-hardy in Bulgaria. If spent flower heads are not removed, the plant self-seeds and gradually forms dense clumps. For this reason, dividing the rhizomes every few years in early spring is recommended. Deadheading not only enhances the overall ornamental appeal but also slows the clump thickening process.

In addition to the standard form of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, various cultivars in different colors are available commercially. These are suitable for planting in flower beds, mixed borders, or in combination with other naturalistic or prairie-style gardens. The plant retains its ornamental value even after blooming, as the dried seed heads may attract seed-eating birds. Purple coneflower is also valued as a medicinal plant. Historically, it was highly regarded by the Indigenous peoples of North America for treating wounds and insect bites. Today, it remains widely used in herbal medicine—in the form of liquid extracts, tablets, or capsules—for boosting the immune system, treating minor skin conditions, and supporting recovery from mild infections.